Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design Essay

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design - Essay Example Marriage is typically defined as the uniting of two people of the age of majority of their own free will and volition. In this way, regardless of culture contractual unions (often referred to as marriage) are recognized by the law of the state in every nation on the face of the planet. Child marriage is a situation where children are subjected to matrimony before they have achieved the legal marriage age. In the Middle East nearly half of Yemeni girls are married before they reach eighteen years of age. In some instances, marriages occur even before the tender age of 8. The law in Yemen set the minimum age at one that is approved for marriage to be 15 years; however, traditional customs more often than not continuously flout this law. 1. This is due in part to the fact that the law was continually interpreted differently by different individuals, the laws was changed in 1999 to allow marriage only after the point in time in which a girl reached the age of puberty. However, the issue with the change in the law meant that many tribal elders interpreted puberty to be as early as the age of 9. In the actual practice, it can be said that the law in Yemen allows women of any age to be able to wed, but it is forbidden to practice sex with them until they achieve the age where it is now considered suitable to do so. 2. The law was later to be raised from the minimum age of marriage to be 18 years after a girl, Nujood Ali, 10 years of age, in April 2008 was able to be granted divorce successfully after being raped under the set circumstances. Much later in 2008, a council for maternal care and childhood established a proposal for the minimum age to be defined at 18 years and was passed as law in April 2009. However, this law was to be dropped the very next day after maneuvers by parliamentarians opposed to it, and negotiations are still ongoing for the legislation to be

Partick O'Donnell City Councilman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Partick O'Donnell City Councilman - Essay Example Chapters 13 and 15 of the book are titled, Counties, Special Districts and Regional Agencies and Issues for the New Century, respectively. This is because; the meeting being announced is scheduled for discussions on present matters that have a strong bearing on California’s future and welfare. Particularly, in pages 90-92 in chapter 13 of the book, Field discusses how regional agencies and corporate entities affect the growth and stability of the ‘golden state.’ In chapter 15 of the book, particularly in pages 102-108, the author divulges on and discusses the challenges that continue to beset Chicago. It is not in doubt that recent events in Chicago at the time would discuss the setbacks that Chicago would be facing at the time. It is also very likely that the prospects that the 7- eleven convenience stores bring towards Chicago’s security, economic development and local employment will be applicable in the meeting (Field, 90-3, 102-8). All these are indica ted in the index page 134. The summary of the article is effective since it amplifies the intent of the article and the meeting that it is intending to communicate. The success of the meeting is premised on the manner in which it communicates the intricacies of the message: the date (May 30th, 2012), the venue (Lawn Bowling Club Recreational Park) and the theme of the meeting (the 7- eleven convenience stores of Anaheim and Ximeno). The May 1st, 2012 article titled Chat with Special Guest: LBPD Specialist Kymberly Cloughesy is also important and successful since it communicates the challenges that Chicago has faced and the solutions that O’Donnell has proposed and continues to ratify. The article O’Donnell Keeps Long Beach Moving is also important since it explains O’Donnell’s rationale that having a flowing traffic is not only an efficient and fair way of using Chicago’s budget. Likewise, by expanding 405 Freeway

Effects of temperature Essay Example for Free

Effects of temperature Essay Some of these are variables that were mentioned earlier and could not be controlled, or even variables that were not initially considered. While performing the experiment, some of the oxygen produced from photosynthesis may have dissolved into the water. Microorganisms living on the pondweed may have used some oxygen. Although the amount of oxygen dissolved or used by microbes may be insignificant to the final result, when considered alongside the other variables this factor may be attributed to a significant change in the results. Some oxygen is also used during the respiration of the plant. As only the volume of oxygen produced was recorded the change in bubble size was not accounted for when the results were analysed. For a more accurate analysis of the data, using a capillary tube in place of the test tube so that the size and volume of each bubble could have been measured would have eliminated this inaccuracy. There are also factors affecting accuracy at low light intensities. With low light intensity, the pondweed receives some light energy from background light such as sunlight seeping through curtains or the light from the lamp of another students experiment. To eliminate extra artificial light from interfering with the results, the experiment must be performed in a completely dark room. The methodology of the experiment is also likely to account for any errors made, so in order to improve reliability and validity of the results some methodological features must be improved upon or changed completely. A capillary tube and a syringe should be used in place of the test tube to accurately measure the volume of the oxygen produced. Due to the high rates of photosynthesis of the pondweed, readings should be taken within shorter time periods. Doing so decreases the likelihood of human error occurring. Due to the nature and convenience of the experiment, it could be easily modified to investigate other variables of photosynthesis. An experiment using almost identical apparatus would be to vary the colour of the light the plant absorbs. Using translucent colour filters in front the lamps could vary this. Whilst doing the experiment several times contributed to the accuracy of the experiment, there were factors that detracted from it. The method of measuring the rate of photosynthesis by the frequency of bubbles was one. The volume of the bubbles could have varied, meaning that a larger or smaller amount of oxygen could have been released without being recorded. To eliminate these errors, using apparatus like a micro-burette or some other tool for measuring small volumes of gas may overcome small inaccuracies. This would make the results more accurate and reliable. Modifications: Limitations. The room temperature may fluctuate. Â  The concentration of carbon dioxide in the water may be reduced during experiment. The rate of gas evolution is not consistent. Â  There are other light sources, which may interfere with the results. Artificial light will increase temperature, as a 60watt bulb will be used, some energy will be lost as heat energy. Â  Are the bubbles being observed actually oxygen? Setting up the apparatus and placing it in a water bath may overcome the first error. Doing so will ensure that a constant temperature is maintained throughout the experiment. To avoid other light sources interfering with the experiment shelter the apparatus up so that the pondweed only receives light from the table lamp. To ensure consistency of gas evolution when changing to a new condition, the plant should be equilibrated for at least 10 minutes before taking any readings. Using a dilute sodium hydrogen carbonate solution ensures a constant supply of carbon dioxide to the pondweed, avoiding fluctuation of carbon dioxide concentrations. To test for presence of oxygen simply lower a glowing splint into the test tube containing the gas; if the splint relights this indicates that oxygen is present. Using this test increases reliability of the results. The presence of the lamp may cause the temperature to increase; to prevent this from happening ice can be used to maintain a constant temperature. Further experiments could be implemented to test other factors that may have an affect on the rate of photosynthesis. Light intensity has been found to have an affect on photosynthesis. This can be investigated by placing a light at varying distances from the elodea plant and recording the number of bubbles produced. Other experiments in this area could also include testing the rate of photosynthesis with different amounts of chlorophyll in the plants. References: 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 Glenn and Susan Toole, (1999) Biology for Advanced level. Stanley Thornes pg. 282-5. 4, 5 and 6 D. O. Hall and K. K. Rao, (1992) New studies in biology, Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press, pg 13-14.

Analysis of Marxist Critiques of Liberal Capitalism

Analysis of Marxist Critiques of Liberal Capitalism The standard litany of Marxist critiques of liberal capitalism rely on a common theme which presupposes that capitalism is fundamentally flawed and evil because it relies on a structure of exploitation, i.e., the bourgeoisie, those who own the means of production, ruthlessly exploit the proletariat, the individuals who sell their labor and do not own the means of production. Marx believed, essentially, that capitalist empires are built on the backs of the proletariat, who reap inadequate rewards for their work. He hypothesized that the essential difference between the various economic forms of society, between, for instance, a society based on slave-labour, and one based in wage-labour, lies only in the mode in which this surplus labour is in each case extracted from the actual producer, the labourer. (Marx, 1859[1967], p. 209) While well intentioned and valid in some ways, Marxists critiques generally fail on intellectual, practical, and empirical levels. The first intellectual failure is manifest in Marxs own quote, above, which presumes that wage-labor is effectively the same means of oppression as slave labor. This is only true if the proletariat serving as the labor have no means or hope of achieving ownership stake in the work that they do or the organizations for whom they do the work. Though it may have been true in 1859 when he wrote it, liberal capitalism has evolved, particularly in the United States, to the state of an individual-ownership society, where opportunities abound for individuals to assume a stake in the work that they do, not merely collect a paycheck for their labor.In Marxs mind, the only way for workers to free themselves from this slavery was to collectively own the means of production. The efficacy of this intellectual model has thus far been an abject failure in terms of the re sults when it has been attempted. On an empirical level, the simple truth is that the vast majority of governments that have been formed using Marxist or Communist theory have themselves tended to be exploitative disasters in comparison to the capitalist societies over which they were intended to demonstrate moral and economic superiority. The Soviet Union, which launched its Marxist revolution in 1917 under Vladimir Lenin, became a great economic and military power, but ironically did so only by exploiting its proletariat under the corrupt, oligarchic rule of totalitarian and in the case of Stalin, genocidal dictators who ruled with a combination of an iron fist and a vast, ossified bureaucracy. The Soviet Union collapsed under its own weight, a complete ideological failure, and its member states turned to capitalist economies and democratic forms of government. (To be fair, some Soviets, at the time of Lenins ascendancy, believed it was too soon to implement Marxist philosophies, since Marxs own requirement had not been met that the countrys capitalist economy had reached its evolutionary endpoint.) China, though still a viable nation-state which wields considerable economic power, has managed to avoid the Soviet Unions fate by introducing a considerable number of free-market elements into its state-controlled economy. Unfortunately, China shares the former Soviet Unions penchant for ruthless suppression of individual rights. The only other currently remaining bona fide Marxist/Communist state is North Korea, whose atrocious economic conditions, cultish culture of worship for its dictators, and lack of regard for individual rights, speak for themselves. That in 2005 Marxis m would have been so absent from the global political map would have been a heartbreaking blow to Marx, as would the fact that the only attempts at implementing his philosophies in their purest forms have led to brutal, totalitarian regimes which have arguably disrespected the proletariat as acutely as any unregulated capitalist economy. On a political level, Marx may have also underestimated the power of the marriage of democratic forms of government to liberal capitalist systems. In theory, at least, representative democracies are inherently structured to empower the proletariat by giving them participatory voice in the decision-making that goes into governing the economic systems of their nation. Democracy, as we know it today and as the pre-eminent form of government on the planet, was arguably still a relatively young paradigm as Marx was developing his theories. The primacy of the concepts of the worth and choice of the individual individual rights, individual freedoms is an inherently democratic notion which both contradicts the passive collectivism suggested by Marxism and also provides a built-in safeguard against capitalist excesses when they begin to favor oligarchies over individual rights. Democracy is unique in its ability to lessen ameliorate the harsher effects of unregulated market capitalism. When competitive markets are allowed to flourish unchecked, certainly great wealth is created, but Marxs critiques of exploitation become valid as monopolies and oligarchies spring up to choke off competition and create an environment in which the proletariat fail to benefit from the work they have put in on behalf of, for example, corporations. However, representative democracy has suffered the horrors of untempered market cycles and reacted accordingly. One of the best examples is the American Great Depression, in which a precipitous stock market crash in October 1929 set off an economic chain reaction that left tens of millions of Americans unemployed and in starvation. The collective clamor and cries of the proletariat prompted the elected government to take serious corrective measures over the next few decades to provide for means to temper the inherent boom and bust cyc les of free market capitalism, and to create a social safety net for the poor and the elderly (e.g. Social Security, guaranteeing retirement income to senior citizens). Similarly, in Europe, countries where the scourges of free market industrialism once ravaged the countryside, such as England, democratic systems of government have gradually eased their economies into socialist hybrids, market economies with considerable elements of state control and welfare systems to ensure the proletariat are well-cared for. Unfortunately, Marx either was unable to see the potential value of these future hybrid systems, such as market socialism, with their ability to compensate for inequities, or simply refused to believe in their viability because they failed to match his strident demand for idealistic purity within human interrelations: Even if such unjust inequalities were eliminated, Marx would still object to the quality of market social relations because they would continue to be predicated on a kind of self-seeking egoism contrary to the requirement of a true community. (Warren, 1998) On a psychological level, Marxist critiques of liberal capitalism also fail because they lack practical insight into how the human psyche operates and instead rely too heavily on utopian ideals of human beings operating idealistically on a collective level. Marxs theory of human nature is a biological fantasy, and we have the corpses to prove it. Which may drive us to wonder: if communism is deadly because it is contrary to human nature, does that imply that capitalism, which is contrary to communism, is distinctively compatible with human nature? (Wilkinson, 2005) The truth of the matter is that human beings are a hierarchically inclined species that thrive on power and competition. Left unchecked, these impulses can result in ghastly, fratricidal behavior, but when harnessed and properly channeled, these impulses form the heart of the free market economy, which thrives on individual initiative, healthy competition, and the quest for self-improvement and leadership. The psychological backbone of Marxist critique is the assumption of a perpetual state of victimhood on the part of the oppressed, which fails to take into account the inherent human tendency to resist oppression and reform existing systems into more egalitarian structures. In other words, Marxist-style revolutions may well be unnecessary, as the proletariat seems to frequently find ways within capitalist systems to assert their rights. People will always have their hunter-gatherer impulses, but this does not mean they are predestined to be deleterious: There is no way to stop dominance-seeking behavior. We may hope only to channel it to non-harmful uses. A free society therefore requires that positions of dominance and status be widely available in a multitude of productive hierarchies, and that opportunities for greater status and dominance through predation are limited by the constant vigilance of the peoplethe ultimate reverse dominance hierarchy. A flourishing civil society permits almost everyone to be the leader of something, whether the local Star Trek fan club or the city council, thereby somewhat satisfying the human taste for hierarchical status, but to no ones serious detriment. (Wilkinson, 2005) In the end, Marxism is a fundamentally pessimistic and pedantic philosophy, as are its critiques of liberal capitalism, which is a fundamentally optimistic and individualistic philosophy which endows each person with both the responsibility and the power to assume control of his or her own destiny and personal fulfillment. As sociologist Ellen Huang notes, under the lens of critical Marxist theories, inequality determines all human relations, and subsequently overemphasizes the oppressed nature of the colonized. Further abstractions of the dynamic of capitalism may overlook real forms of resistance, leaving utopian dreams as the only option for the oppressed. (Huang, 2003) Humanity is always in dire need of practical options rooted in dreams, not merely the dreams themselves, no matter how well intended they may be.

Environmental Economics Essay -- Environment, Renewable Energy

Introduction With the rampant deterioration of the environment taking place, panic striking and scandalizing environmental issues like global warming and greenhouse effect making banner headlines in our news papers and bulletins. Entire world is busy in devising energy reforms that can save the planet from plunging deep into the pit of destruction and catastrophe. In order to counter the looming energy crisis that is engulfing the world, research scientists all over the world are busy brainstorming their ageing heads in order to devise reliable energy systems, which can prove effective in resolving environmental disasters. (Costanza, 1991) In order to achieve this objective, substantial progress has been made in the form of accentuating greater usage for energy production and consumption by making use of renewable energy resources which do not undergo exhaustion unlike conventional resources of energy such as coal, oil and natural gas. Another reason due to which the significance of renewable resources has reached unprecedented levels is the economic feasibility involved and it is due to this importance a new discipline of environmental economics has invaded the ecological mainstream this century. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research the environmental economics is the science of empirical and theoretical studies which studies the effect of ‘national or local environmental policies around the world’ it further deals with the economic aspects of environmental policies through cost benefit analysis and ways to counter the rising threat of air pollution, global warming and water quality. As said earlier, progress on the development and the subsequent extraction of energy benefits from such resources is in pro... ...ncy than gasoline. (Sorenson 2005) References Kosltad D. Charles ‘Environmental Economics’ Second Edition, 2010 Vegiroglu T. Nejat, Schur, Dmitry ‘Hydrogen Material Science and Carbon Nanomaterials’ Kluwer Academic 2004 Freudenberger, Richard ‘Alcohol: A guide to making Ethanol a Renewable Fuel’ Aztext Press 2009 Sorenson, Bent ‘Hydroegn and Fuel Cells: Emerging Technologies and Applications’ Academic Press 2005 Costanza, Robert ‘Ecological Economies: the Science and Management of Sustainability’ Columbia University Press 1991 Olah A. George, Goeppert Alain, Surya.G.K ‘Beyond Oil and Gas: the Methanol Economy’ Wiley-VCH 2009 Mathew, Sathyajit ‘Wind Energy: Fundamentals, resource analysis and economics’ Birkhauser 2006 Beene, John ‘Nickel Beta decay as driver for LENR’ 8 June 2010 http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg39328.html

A Good Business Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

A Good Business What the characteristics of a good business looks like? The basic element of a good business is derived from good management. It is true since business is run by individuals known as managers that perform specific business functions, such as manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resource departments. Identifying a good business is not an easy job; an understanding of Managerial Economics is needed because it provides some tools, techniques of analysis and Economic concepts to make good managerial decisions. The purpose of this paper is to identify some characteristics of a good business and list names of the companies having these certain characteristics. Most of good businesses have characteristics such as promising prospect, high rates of return on equity, steady growth of sales, and also strong brands equity. When we talk about a good business, we are not only talking about past and present condition of a firm, but a good business should also have a good prospect. It is true that past successes do not ensure future successes; however the most common way to predict the future is based on the companies’ historical data because those all data are available for us. Those data must depict consistent sales growth and high rates of return on equity. Moreover, since many changes can happened, it is also important for a business to anticipate and adapt continuously to the changing conditions. Since the commo...

Impacts of Student Retention Essay

1. 0 Introduction This report will explore the concepts of existing education policies in a developed country – Singapore. The Minister of Education of Singapore commissioned this report to account for the impacts of student retention to its advantages, disadvantages and impacts. This report is constructed with at least 6 credible scholarly articles and the MOE’s official website. Although the idea of retention in Singapore is not unfamiliar, this report will distinguish the ramifications of retention and describes the implications of retention in a developed country like Singapore. 2. 0Purpose of Grade Retention 2. 1Goals of Retention. The practice of holding back ostensibly weaker students for one more year on the grounds of failed academic prowess is common in Singapore. Retention policy calls for requiring students who have failed to achieve satisfactorily to repeat their current grade the following year. â€Å"Promotional Gates in certain grades found that 20 to 40 percent of the students did not qualify for promotion† (Brophy 2006, 13). This is motivated by a conservative belief that retaining students provides another opportunity to master content which students failed to master and consequently leave students better equipped to succeed in the following year. â€Å"Most grade repetition in developed countries is imposed by schools on low-achieving students who have made poor progress despite regular attendance† (Brophy 2006, 12). 2. 2Does Retention Satisfy Original Goals â€Å"Sixth grade students rated grade retention as the single most stressful life event† (Riggert et al 2006, 71). Repetition is principally made up of two forms, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary happens when students whom are considered â€Å"at risk† drop out of school before attempting the final exams â€Å"Repetition is associated with low achievement and early dropout† (Brophy 2006, 9). Voluntarily means forfeiting the chance of progress. Familial background, financial conditions or past stigmas all play a major part in the decision but grade retention policy makers believe that it is for schools to maintain high standards therefore retention does satisfy the goals of the school but not the goals of the student. 3. 0Factors & Conditions Leading to Failing a Student 3. 1Academic Achievement Grade repetition is decided on the academic achievement of the student, decision is made by the authoritative body, normally a minimal grade of 50 percentage achieved in all subjects will suffice in passing. â€Å"At risk† students make up the notable percentage in this category, commands a higher probability despite regular attendance and class performances. This supports Diederich’s statement of schools superfluously weighs subjects through the final examinations as a criterion to pass students. â€Å"These patterns indicate that prior academic achievement and expectations were related to retention† (Diederich 1978, 10). 3. 2Disciplinary Problems Social influences play a huge part in the development of the student’s mentality towards education. Attributing to the student’s behavior, students from lower income families work while attending  school and evidently the student is unable to give their full-time attention to their academic endeavors. â€Å"Staff typically see student failure or success as essentially the results the students achieved, obviously student effort, ability and motivation are powerful factors in the equation†(Wimshurst, Bates and Wortley 2002, 12). Students are often misunderstood because enthusiasm in a student is often miscomprehended. This attributes to the student’s interest towards education and forms the outline of his or hers behavior. â€Å"School-imposed grade repetition has negative effects on achievement and is associated with social adjustment problems  and increased likelihood of dropping out† (Brophy 2006, 4) 4. 0Advantages & Disadvantages of Student Repetition and Failure 4. 1 Effects on Academic Achievement Retention does not assist with the student’s academic achievements. â€Å"Grade retention was not found to be a beneficial intervention, overall, in the studies examined† (Sterns et al 2007, 220). Developing a lack of interest in education, this contradicts to the fantasy that repeating is beneficial. Students have a greater probability to drop out when forced to repeat. â€Å"Grade retention has been identified as the single most powerful predictor of dropping  out† (Swail 2004, 9). On the other hand, a very small minority showed the tenacity to hold on to their education careers and displayed a slight improvement in their academic achievements. 4. 2Social Effects & Psychological on Students â€Å"Involuntary grade repetition has negative effects on social, emotional and behavioral aspects† (Brophy 2006, 16). Grade repetition does not improve academic achievement but the contrary; it carries harmful effects on social, emotional and behavioral characteristics. Displaying poorer social adjustments and negative attitudes, Students have difficulty in adjusting, self-esteem is reduced drastically. â€Å"Drug use, teenage pregnancy, gangs, school dropouts, suicide, violence, political apathy, casual sex and more recently depression†(McInerney 2006, 12) the synthesis of these factors will optimize the likelihood of these students dropping out. Grade repetition is affiliated with long-term effects such as – the probability of a poorer education, limiting their employment opportunities. 5. 0Conclusion Cumulative evidence from research clearly demonstrates that there are no distinct advantages to repetition, and negative impacts outweigh the positive. â€Å"They (teachers) see the temporary  advantages appear during retention year† (Brophy 2006, 28). It is imperative for policy makers to analyze the societal and psychological consequences. Current policies must be revised at an arms length with schools that are beneficial to students and schools. â€Å"It appears that many, if not most politicians, administrators and teachers remain unaware of the evidence against school-imposed retention or they are misled by false claims that support it† (Brophy 2006, 27) 6. 0Recommendations Retention is mandated in a developed country such as – Singapore. A conservative education system with policies that  requires students to repeat without achieving minimal requirements, Singapore’s education system can benefit by administering or implementing a change in her existing educational policies. â€Å"Denmark, Japan, Korea, Norway and Sweden’s emphasizes on automatic promotion and this should put to rest any concerns that automatic promotion policies will lead to mediocre schooling† (Brophy 2006, 23). They are as follows: – Adopt smaller classes in primary and secondary schools ranging from ten to twenty students per teacher ratio. – Prioritize and provide at-risk students with additional learning opportunities and methods. Teachers and parents must be collaborating to prevent the lack of interest in students. – Suspend the streaming of students. Students whom are subjected to streaming undergo intense stress to exhibit good grades. Not possessing the maturity to handle the pressure and carrying the stigma of this unnecessary rite of passage, the probability of dropping out will increase significantly. – Evaluate Students not only through a single high stakes test but track continuous progress through participation and performance. – Develop a progressive learning system as an assessment, either for teachers to act upon rather than just report failure  and move on. Number of Words: 1095 Reference list – Swail, Scott Watson. 2004. The Art of Student Retention. Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. – Roderick, Melissa and Jenny Nagaoka. Retention under Chicago’s High-Stakes Testing Program: Helpful, Harmful or Harmless? Source: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 309-340. American Educational Research Association. – McInerney, Peter. 2006. ‘Blame the student, blame the school or blame thesystem? ’: Educational policy and the dilemmas of student engagementand school retention—a Freirean perspective. University of Ballarat. – Stearns, Elizabeth, Stephanie Moller, Judith Blau and Stephanie Potochnick. 2007. Staying Back and Dropping out: The Relationship betweenGradeRetention and School Dropout. Source: Sociology of Education,Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. ,2007), pp. 210-240. American SociologicalAssociation. – Riggert, Steven C, Mike Boyle, Joseph M. Petrosko, Daniel Ash and CarolynRudeParkins. 2006. Student Employment and Higher Education:Empiricism andContradiction. Source: Review of EducationalResearch, Vol. 76, No. 1(Spring, 2006), pp. 63-92. AmericanEducational Research Association. – Diederich Ott, Mary. 1978. Retention of Men and Women EngineeringStudents. Source: Research in Higher Education, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1978),pp. 137-150. Springer. – Bosshardt, William. 2004. Student Drops and Failure in Principles Courses. Source: The Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Spring,2004), pp. 111- 128. Taylor and Francis Ltd. – Tinto, Vincent. 2001. Taking Student Retention Seriously. SyracuseUniversity. – A. Bali, Valentina, Dorothea Anagnostopoulos, Reginald Roberts. 2005. Source: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 2(Summer, 2005), pp. 133-155. American Educational ResearchAssociation.